Bennelong---A Model?

Hon. Peter Howson

The controversy over how the white settlers of Australia treated the Aborigines has recently faded to some extent because research has made it more difficult to deny that the violence between Aborigines and settlers was less than commonly portrayed. More has also come to light about good relationships settlers established with some local inhabitants.

The story of the relationship between Governor Philip and Sydney Aborigine Bennelong certainly illustrates how friendly interchanges quickly developed almost from the start of Australian settlement in 1788. Indeed, many will be surprised to learn from a recent book on Bennelong that he and many local Aborigines often visited the Governor and dined at his table.

For the Bennelong Society, which was launched at Parliament House, Canberra by former Aboriginal Affairs Minister, Senator John Herron, on 15 May, this relationship shows the potential for reconciliation. The Society has been created following the workshop I arranged last December at which several speakers used their long experience working in Aboriginal communities to highlight the main problems. The papers presented by three clerics were particularly important in this regard.

The web site of the society now contains the papers from the workshop and will include further analyses of problems in the current relationship as these are developed. The Society will give particular emphasis to changes needed in government policies.

Of course, the hardest part is to identify what might be achievable politically. The problems identified by speakers clearly demonstrated the failure of the 25-year experiment with the policy of deliberately encouraging separate traditional Aboriginal communities based on communal land rights. Strong leadership will be required to overcome this policy, not by imposing solutions but by encouraging movement into the wider community.

The speakers indicated that the practical result of the policy has been the creation of an environment offering very limited prospects of employment. They are, in a sense, trapped in cultural prisons, no longer relying on the hunter-gathering pursuits of their ancestors but not having acquired the new skills required to prosper in the changed environment. They are, thus, now essentially dependent on the dead-end of social welfare benefits.

Particularly worrying is the effective breakdown of law and order within many Aboriginal communities, which are often veritable powder kegs of tension, fuelled by alcohol in particular. The acts of violence being inflicted on women and children, in particular, are horrific. As the recently published Child Protection report for 1999--2000 shows, nearly 4,000 indigenous children had to be removed from their parents to protect them from abuse. This rate of removal was nearly seven times higher than for non-indigenous children.

Unsurprisingly, Aborigines are increasingly leaving the remote communities for more urban centres, where around 75 per cent now reside. However, the neglect of education, and the accompanying low literacy levels, threaten to create a longer-term problem even outside these communities.

To succeed in reducing this serious situation requires a bipartisan effort. The movement away from the more isolated communities, and the situations within them, indicates that the proponents of a treaty and reliance on customary law are out of touch with reality.

The first serious step should be for the Commonwealth and State Ministers of Aboriginal Affairs to meet to try to agree what to do. The leaders of Federal and State Governments must meet soon after and agree a programme of action.

Such a programme might include the following:

• A statement agreed by all Government leaders, for circulation to all Aboriginal communities, that accepts the traditional links with land but outlines the problems for Aboriginals themselves in sustaining communities based almost entirely on land and social welfare. Agreement also on the need to share the cost of the additional funding required to deal with the problem.
• Provision of an incentive to those presently living in traditional communities to move to urban areas, including regional towns and cities. Possible incentives might range from cash grants to (additional) subsidies for housing.
• The establishment of substantial policing units in Aboriginal communities and the (eventual) inclusion in those units of Aborigines trained for that purpose.
• The establishment of alcohol-free zones that would include residential areas and would allow the barring of entry to those under the influence.
• Attempts to reduce truancy rates of up to 60 per cent by the provision of additional teaching and administrative staff and the enforcement of Australian law requiring children to attend school. A requirement that English be the main language taught, the only way to ensure that they can find employment.
• The establishment in the communities of safe havens to which those fearful of damage, or even their lives, could flee temporarily.

Some of such possibilities will seem radical, even extreme. But the problem calls for radical action.